Risk factors: herd management
Large herds with a high density of animals, often associated with intensive livestock farming.
Herds combining animals with different levels of viral susceptibility, such as goats mixed with sheep, or small ruminants mixed with dromedaries.
Introduction of animals of unknown origin without health guarantees into a herd.
Unsold animals returning from the market reintroduced into a herd without observing any quarantine measures.
Regrouping individuals of varying ages and origins destined for sale.
Mixing of local sedentary herds with transhumant herds.
Animals of different ages forced to live closely together.
Accommodating animals in transit.
Replacement rate of animals in a herd.
